Direct Labor Market Effects of Unemployment Insurance

It has been established that relatively high income families receive a disproportionately large share of UI benefits. Little information on the distribution of costs by income class is available, but it is quite possible that the upper income groups may also bear a disproportionately large share of the costs. More empirical research is needed before the redistributive effects of UI can be known with any degree of confidence. There is little argument about the desirability on income mainlenance grounds of extending Unemployment insurance benefits in a recessionary period, all other things being equal. U1 is quite efficient as an income maintenance tool for covered workers. With respect to the unemployment problem, though, it is feared by some that the program goes too far in maintaining the incomes of covered workers, and as a result any extension of UI benefits will aggravate the unemployment problem. The evidence presented here suggests that fears of a major increase in unemployment as a result of such changes are largely unwarranted. However, extended UI benefits would appear to have some small, nontrivial adverse impact on unemployment. Finally, it seems that UI's income distributional impact has been portrayed unjustly as pro-rich. It may be that income is transferred through the UI system from the relatively well-to-do to the relatively poor. There is no scientific way of bringing these considerations to bear in deciding whether or not to restructure the unemployment insurance system. This question can be answered only by invoking fundamental value judgments to decide how sociely would be better off, and I would not presume here to offer my own. This paper will have served its purpose if it has provided the basis for a more informed decision.     

COMMON PROPERTY AS AN INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY

Relationships between the potential productivity of land and property rights generally are couched in terms of measures of central tendency or means. However, risk or variance as a measure of uncertainty also is critical in relating property rights and organizational arrangements developed within various property regimes. Meteorological and hydrological research results support the appropriateness of risk-spreading property regimes, especially in semi-arid and arid lands. Spatial diversification models indicate that common property regimes can be a rational response to environmental variability. Efforts by the public sector to privatize and fence grazing lands on the extensive margin may have limited appeal to pastoralists throughout the world .     

Fact and Theory in Accounting History: Presentmindedness and Capital Market Research*

Abstract. Recent studies have begun to apply contemporary capital markets methods to historical, archival accounting data. This paper discusses period-specific issues relevant to such research. The general categories of issues considered are agency relationships and the capital market environment, trading practices, regulation, and corporate information disclosure. These contextual issues are discussed as they relate to the following business conditions in the United States during the first decade of the 20th century. First, the population characteristics of security holders were different, and a “money trust” comprised of investment bankers often controlled large corporations. This implies that careful thought needs to be given to assumptions about the role of publicly available information and “retail” investors in securities trading. Second, trading practices were quite different: stock price manipulation was tolerated, as were “wash” and “matching” securities transactions. These conditions, coupled with corporate disclosure of dubious quality and widespread colored financial press reporting, create difficulties in interpreting security price and trading activity. Third, while financial reporting regulation was minimal during the early 1900s, it is unclear whether government threats of regulation may have been regarded as sufficiently plausible by companies so as to motivate “voluntary” behavior. These facts suggest that contemporary researchers choosing to conduct capital market studies using data from historical time periods must fully consider the context of the period under study in designing their study, selecting data, interpreting results, deriving new theory, and drawing policy implications. Résumé. Dans des études récentes, on a commencé & appliquer les méthodes contemporaines d'analyse des marchés financiers aux données comptables d'archives. Les auteurs traitent des caractéristiques propres à certaines périodes passées, pertinentes à ce genre de recherche. Les catégories générales de caractéristiques qui sont abordées sont les relations mandant-mandataire et l'environnement des marchés financiers, les pratiques en matière de négociation de titres, la réglementation et la publication d'information par les entreprises. Ces caractéristiques contextuelles sont abordées dans leur relation avec les propriétés suivantes de la situation des entreprises dans la première décennie du XX^e siècle. Premièrement, les caractéristiques démographiques des détenteurs de titres étaient différentes, à l'époque, et une ? fiducie de fonds ? composée de preneurs fermes contrôlait souvent de grandes sociétés. Cela suppose qu'il faut analyser avec minutie les hypothèses relatives au rôle de l'information diffusée dans le public et des épargnants, dans les opérations sur titres. Deuxièmement, les pratiques en matière de négociation étaient assez différentes à l'époque: la manipulation du cours des actions était tolérée, de même que les opérations fictives ou simultanées sur titres. Ces conditions, conjuguées à la qualité douteuse de l'information publiée par les entreprises et aux rapports subjectifs abondamment publiés par la presse financière, soulèvent des difficultés dans l'interprétation du cours des titres et de l'activité du marché. Troisièmement, compte tenu que la réglementation de l'information financière était réduite au minimum au début du siècle, on ne peut dire avec certitude si les menaces d'intervention gouvernementale peuvent avoir été jugées suffisamment inquiétantes par les entreprises pour les avoir incitées à adopter ? volontairement ? le comportement souhaité. Ces observations semblent indiquer que les chercheurs contemporains qui choisissent d'étudier un marché financier en s'appuyant sur les données de périodes antérieures doivent pleinement tenir compte du contexte de la période étudiée dans leur plan de recherche, le choix des données, l'interprétation des résultats, la dérivation de nouvelles théories et leurs conclusions relatives aux conséquences de leurs observations en ce qui a trait aux politiques.